We need more research—ideally using experimental approaches that consider not just QACs' toxicity to individual organisms, ...

Background: Alkyl ester quaternary ammonium compounds (ester quats) are used extensively in fabric rinse conditioners. It is important to document in the literature the outcome of historical ...

Ammonium ions (NH 4 +) – found in ammonium compounds such as ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate – can be identified by heating a solution of the ions with sodium hydroxide.