The phase determines the oscillation frequency, and gain is a criterion for oscillation to exist. The four poles in the loop equation each contribute –45° phase shift accumulating the required total ...

Figure 1 shows a schematic of the experimental set-up as well as the level scheme. A cloud of laser-cooled 85 Rb atoms serves as the nonlinear optical medium, with the probe and coupling beams passing ...

This monograph describes the theoretical and practical details of the design of a very linear phase-shift low-pass filter intended to remove noise and other irrelevant information above approximately ...