A layout-dependent circuit-design model from Toshiba helps boost gate density and improve cost-performance in next-generation 45-nm CMOS technology. More specifically, 45-nm CMOS gate density can be 2 ...

CMOS current mirrors are pivotal in modern electronic circuitry, providing accurate current replication that is essential for biasing, amplification and active loading in a myriad of integrated ...

The design and optimisation of low-power full adders is a critical endeavour in modern electronic engineering. Full adders form the backbone of arithmetic logic units, performing essential binary ...